Module (compression-springs)
Helical compression: spring rate $k = G d^4 / (8 D^3 n)$, Wahl shear factor $K_s = (4C-1)/(4C-4) + 0.615/C$ with $C = D/d$, shear stress $\tau = 8 F D K_s / (\pi d^3)$, solid height $\approx n d + 2d$.